Loom.



W. S. SOUTHWICK.

LOOM.

APPLICATION FILED MAY 6. 1915.

Patented Feb. 6,1917.

9 SHEETS-SHEET I.

mw E. .7: W w U W. S. SOUTHWluK.

LOOM,

APPLICATION FILED MAY 6. 19x5.

Patented Feb. 6, 1917.

9 SHEETS-SHEET 2 W. S. SOUTHWICK.

LOOM.

Patented Feb. 6, 191?.

APPLICATION men MAY 6, 1915.

' 9 SHEETS-SHEET a.

W. S. SOUTHWICK.

LOOM,

APPLICATION FILED MAY 6. E915.

Patented Feb. 6, 1917.

9 SHEETS-SHEET 4 W. S. SOUTHWICK.

LOOM.

APPLICATION FILED MAY6.1915.

Patented Feb. 6,1917.

W. S. SOUTHWICK.

LOOM.

APPLICATlON FILED MAY 6, ms.

Patented Feb. 6,1917.

9 SHEETS-SHEET T W S. SOUTHWICK.

Loom.

APPLICATION FILED MAY 6.1915.

Patented Feb. 6, 1917.

9 SHEETSSHEET 8.

W. S. SOUTHWICK.

LOOM.

APPLICATION FILED MAY 6. 1915v Patented Feb. 6,1917.

9 SHEETS-SHEET 9- iii 5% m= mmxsammnirumuunn WILLIALM S. SQUTHWIUK, F CLINTGN, MAEESACHUSETT ASSIGNOR T9 CLINTON Willi/E A CORPORATION 0F MASSACHU- SETTS.

LUUTFI. mam... L21Qfifig specification of Lowers Patent Pg tiem j agni Feb, 6, 1&1?

To all wiwm z' may concern:

Bo 11': known that 1, ii mmiuz S. SOUTH- to iooins, and as pocially to those whi ,h am, used in the man uiiacturo of wire fabric. The ObjGCi; oi the invention is to automatically the (lirccaiion oi. movcnuant of ii: .iiil whoniwor the hihng breaks or new Filing; is rciipnrrcl,

to tho and that the woven fabric may he in tho ilcsireii POSlilUll to receive tho first pick of filling after the broken or incomplete pick has been I'QSHOVifi.

N v MY copemnng application. aerial No. 802,-

930. iiloil November 25, 1913. illustrates, tie? scribcs aml claims mechanism for act-0m} plishing the salon purpose as that oi. "tire present,invuntion. in my fornwr applicition the revnrsc movcn'iont oi tho full is caused" by reverse rotation oithe warp b93221. iii" proscniz invention iliii'crs from my former invention in the mechanism by which the rcvcrxumovrinnni. is imparted To the foil, such movcincnl'. in the prescni; instance, lasing caused ov mechanism which acts iipon the warp nuanlzcrs hctwrcn the warp bean: and thoi'cll. thus dispensing with the necessity of turning i'hn warp beam haclnvarclly.

Of thcv :u-coznpanying drawings, which illustrafc i'hc prcscnt invcntion:

Figure 1 is a perspective vicw. conventional in some respects, including the warp beam, l1('l(llQS, warp, woven fabric and takeup mechanism.

Fig. 2 represents an elevation of a tion of the loft and of wire fabric.

Fig. 3 roproscnts a front elevation of the mechanism at the right oi Fig; i.

Fig. i a. vertical. section in a plane from front in roar of a nuulil'ication.

Fig. 5 is a top plan How, partly in sestion, of tho clutch mechanism which (ll'iVQS the loom.

Fig. 6 is an elevation of the. mechanism indicated by line 6-6 of Fig. 3.

Fig. 7 is an elevation of the same niechanisrn as tha'fi of Fig. 6, showing the parts in ilifiereni; posis' Fig. 8 a with...

pora 100m for weaving section of in :h-

Applicaition filed May 6, 1915.

Serial No. 26,329.

anisni inilicatod by line S-8 of Fig. 12. The same mechanism appears at the right of ll ig. 9. Figs. 9 and 152 agree to the posi tion of parts, but 8 shows such parts in another posiiion.

l1 9 rcpi slants a vertical. section, from from. in rear. including the warp beam. lay. and iiho llifrEUilfHliSIIl by which the fell is moved haclnvarilly. This figure shows the several parts in their normal positions, as when the loom is running; in the usual man-- nor.

Fig. 10 is a view similar to 9, on a largzjcr scale. showing the fell-reversing mechanism in the same position as in Fi 9.

rig. 11 is a top plan H'OVV of the mechannnn shown in Fig. 10.

Fly. 1:! is a top plan view of the mechanism which would appear at tho right of igz. 11 if lhc latter were extended.

Fig. 13 illustrates. on a larger scale, the incchanism which is substantially in the frontier of Fig. 10. some of the parts being shown in 'iwo positions by solicl lines and lnokcn lines rcsmwtive-Jy.

' Fig. H is a View similar to Fig. 10, showing thc pal-rs in the positions required to movc ihn loll haclnvardly.

Tho same rcfcrcncc characters sanic parts wlua'cvcr they occur.

licfcrriiug first to Fig. 1. the warp beam is imlicai-cd at 10. The warp members 17 pass from the warp licani through any suitalalc llcilrllcs. such asihose inilioatcil at 18, \vhcrcliv thishod 19 is formed. The feli is iuiiicaiwl at 90. and the woven fabric at Q1. The la Elm passes over a. roll 22, under a roll 2 -3. and thence to a talionp roll Thev iattcr is driven. in the present instance, by a worm and gear 26. the latter being iastrnoil to the roll 24-. The roll 23 is mounted in two arms 27 whose forward ends are arranged upon a rod 28 and Whose rear oiuls are movable up and down. W'eights 29 are mounted upon the rear encls of the rods for ihc purpose of applying suitable tension io ihc iaiiric aml to tho unwoven warp memlicrs. 'lhr warp brain 16 is driven by suitable mechanism, hereinafter explained, so

as to let off the warp step by step at the required speed. ancl any variation between tho sl'aoerl of the lot'off and the speed of tho take-up 1s cared iorqby rho Weighted roll which may move up and clown. Tho roii may rise in rasponse 5:0 the action .These weft detectors are disposed at opposite sides of the fabric, close to the selvages. They are affixed to a roekshaft 33, and they normally stand in the position shown by Fig. 6. Each new pick of filling in the process of being beaten up engages one of the detectors 32 and tilts the latter from the position shown by Fig. 6 to the position shown by Fig. 7 but if the filling breaks or is exhausted, the lay may swing forward without removing the detectors 32 from the position shown by Fig. 6. In such case a striker 34:, fastened to the under side of the lay, engages a hunter 35 and moves the latter forwardly. Such movement of the hunter is transmitted through pivot pin 36 to a link 37 (Fig. 2), and by the latter to an arm 38 aflixed to a rockshaft 39. The mechanism which is aifected by turning the rockshaft 39 will be hereinafter described.

Referring again to Figs. 6 and 7,an arm 4O is aflixed to rockshaft 33. The free end of said arm carries a pin 41 which occupies a slot 42 formed in an extension of the hunter The hunter normally hears upon a rest 43 which is shown in the form of a screw, and is adjustable for the purpose of causing the rear end of the hunter to register with the striker 34. lVhen either one of the detectors 32 is moved forwardly by a new pick of filling, such movement is transmitted to the hunter through the arm 40 and the pin-and-slot connection, thus raising the rear end of the hunter so that it will clear the striker 34 as shown by Fig. 7. In this manner coaction between the hunter and striker is prevented. The slot 42 is of sufficient length to enable the hunter to move forwardly in response to the action of the striker 34. The pivot pin 36, which and the link 37, is carried by an arm 4-l. This arm is mounted upon a rockshaft 45, the function of which need not be considered at present.

When the rockshaft 39 is turned in consequence of coaction of striker 3i and hunter '35, as hereinbefore explained, it actuates the mechanism shown by Figs. 9 to-12 inclusive. This rockshaft extends transversely from one end of the loom to the other, the mechanism shown by Figs. 2, 6 and 7 being near the left-hand end. and the. mechanism shown by Figs. to 12 being near the right-hand end. An arm 46 (Figs.

connects the hunter 8 and 12) is atlixed to rockshaft 39 and is pivotally connected to one member 47 of an adjustable link. This link includes two other members, indicated respectively at 48 and 49, the member 48 being in the form of a screw and having screw connection with 47. The rear end of the link 47, 48, 49 is pivotally connected to one arm of a bell-crank lever 50, which I \vill refer to hereafter'as the pawl-lifter lever, (in account of its pawl-lifting function, The fulcrum of this lever is indicated at 51.

The pawl which is lifted by lever 50 is indicated at This pawl is one element of the mechanism by which the warp beam is rotated step by step to let off the warp members. See Fig. 10. The pawl coacts with the ratchet wheel 53 affixed to a shaft 54. The pawl is mounted upon a pivot pin 55, and this pin is carried by a swinging arm 56 hereinafter termed the pawl carrier. Arm 56 is mounted upon the shaft 54, but is loose with relation 'to the shaft so that no rotative movement will be transmitted by it directly to the shaft. The pawl carrier is oscillated by a cam 57 which is affixed to a shaft 58. I have not shown any mechanism for driving the shaft 58, and it will be sufficient to state that this shaft will rotate continuously in the direction indicated by an arrow in Fig. 10, so long as the driving clutch of the loom is connected to a source of power. The cam enacts with a roll 59 on an arm 60. The lower end of this arm is connected by a link 61 with the pawl carrier. A spring 62 keeps the roll 59 in contact with the cam and imparts return movement to the pawl carrier, the cam being effective for causing the driving stroke of the pawl carrier.

Rotation is transmitted from shaft 54; to a shaft 63 through bevel gears 6% and 65. (Figs. 10 and 11). Qhaft 63 carries a Worm 66, which is enmeshed with a gear 67. A pinion 68, rigidly connected to gear 67, is enmeshed with a gear 69 of the warp beam. The train 'of mechanism just described transmits motion from cam 57 to the warp beam to cause intermittent rotation of the latter to let ofl the warp members.

The warp members, passing from the warp beam, pass first over a whip roll 70,

then over and under lease rods 71, 72 and 73. Rods 71 and 73 remain substantially stationary, but rod 72 is turned about its,

axis for the purpose of imparting the fell reversing movement ,to the Warp members.

socket member and arm being adapted to operate as a Wrench to turn the rod 72 'mally held in this about its axis. lhe cross section of rod 72 is substantially elliptic, and its major diameter is initially parallel to the psiah traversed by the warp members. It is norposition by a spring 7? which is connected to arm 76, a backstop 7 8 being arranged to he engaged by the to determine the normal position of reel 72/ The lower end of arm 76 is forked (see Fig. 11) and carries a roll 7 2}. 1113 also corrise 9. pin 80', the latter being arranged above the roll. A rod 81 extends through the forked porhiou of arm '76 between the roll 7 9 and pin'80, and normally rests upon the roli. This rod hose hook 82, which is arranged to coach with the pinBO when the rod is lifted, as will he understood sfier further description. The forward end of rod 81 is pivotally'coimecheol to the pawl carrier 56, and the rod consequently travels forward "and backward in consequence of into engagement with the pin 80.

soul so one step the'movement imparted so the pawl carrier by the cam 57.

When the pewl-lifter lever 50 is actuated in consequence of failure or breakage of the filling, is diseuguges the pawl 52 from the i'eiehet wheel 53 and lifts the rod 8i Powl 52 has o leherally extending lug 83 which is arranged to he engaged by a. curved surface Silof the lever 50, said surface being arranged to he subslbentially concentric to the axis of shaft 54; when the lever 50 is in the position shown by 14. When the lever 50 is in the latter position, it holds the pawl out-of engagement with the ratchet wheel, so that the pawl will have no eflect in driving the warp beam. I

Lever 5 0 has an extension 85 oi; its rear end. An a1'm'8-6, mounted upone pivot pin 8'3, rests upon the extension 85. This arm- .cerries a. spring plunger 88 which is arranged. to lift the, rod 81 when. the extension 85 rises. The spring 89 which eoicts with the plunger takes care, of over-tiavel of the arm 86, and enables the link 81 to have a compound curvilinear motion as required by the pawl carrier 562ml arm 76. The next forward'movement of rod 81 will draw the arm 76 toward the front, ogeinsa the tension of spring 77, and thus turn the socket member 74 to turn lease rod 72 to the position shown by Fig. 14, thus drawing the Warp, members, the fell, and the woven fabric, toward the rear, All? this time the roll 23 (Fig. 1) risessuficiently to permit the fell-reversing movement; oncl at the same time the warp heom remains M ststionary, the let-oft" mechanism having been rendered inoperative by the upward movement of the pawl-lifter lever. "lhe fell is thussei hack, the proportions and movement or lease rod 721heix1g such as to make the complele reverse movement of the fell of the let-0E, so 'thutihe held in such position by s. lsichl lay is completing its forward 1110"" the pawl carrier heel; W Figs. 9 and 10. l 'l hen the lever 50 m moved. to pawlsupporiihg po 'iozi, leis T series 90. (Figs. 8, 9 and l2.) "he: is in the form of o. bell-crank one ed upon s pivot pin. 91, coll lug 92 formed upon the link, hen r 4L7. A spring 93 is arranged to" throw the member from the posiiinih Sl'lCWll by 9 and 12 lo the posiiu Fig. 8. ilhen the parts ure in their iuiLi-i position, as when the loomjis meow the orliinarjy manner, lZllQ .u iemher Eli upon the lug; 92; but wheufiihe l iii 49 is moved ioweril the l the member Qllflrops he]. position to .relulu the lug ties buck with tl.l(3.l'fiil1l"- zl'{l u'ioi'emehiz of the lay.

- 'lhe luich the loom Y 1g; movement of the iuemlr 90 sets a tripping (leu ice'lor suhscquei operation. hush irippihg device is shown by Figs. 8 and if? A huuter 9-iisqu to a carrier 95 in position to coast siil'ikei 96 carried by the lay. The 95 connected by a pivot $7 to thelsiching member 90. The hunter 9% normally 1 rests below the s'trilice'r, shmvn by F 9; but when the latching device 90 is rsor'ezjl to latching position shown by 8, n'ioves the carrier 5}? to the rear and such. movement causes the; forward end of lfhe carrier to rise. 'iihe rising h'iovemeot is caused by two conceive cum members 955 and 99 and by a compression spring" 100. The rear end of member 98 pivotully coimecied to carrier ljy :1 pivot pin 101. Merober 99 is uhixed filo the frame of the loom. Spring 100 bears against the carrier 95 and member 98. As the lei-oiling movement of inemhei" 90 occurs when the sirll 32* ill isclireeily over the hunter 9%, the upward. movement of the luiter is urreshed by the striker 96, but the carrier toe". rfihcless complei es its movement rho the reor 5111f]. thereby compresses the spring 100. The spring completes the upward movement of the carrier when the lay has receded suili- ()liil llllY. The hunter, upon being 'releasezl by the siriher, is hailed by the spring 100 lgo the position. indicated by clothel lines in Fig. ,8, the hunter the path of the striker so ihoiz'il: will sequently ehgsged uteri oe riecl fol o the striker. When the v iv. .'.n, mm and, u iesrecis use iole from sheiug 9:2 sud.

iii)

'heiug; ishus brought into 3125 l7. =18, l0, and the pawl-lifter lever 50 to return to their normal positions, the weight 5 ing the time between the latching of link -17. 48. 10 and the releasing thereof, the lay swings from its forward position to the rear and returns to its front position; and while. it is so moving, the lease rod 72 is actuated to impart the fell-reversing movement as hereinbefore described.

The first rearward movement of link 81 following the release of lever 50 enables the lease. rod 72 to resume its normal position in response to the tension of spring 77, and such return movement of the lease rod is equivalent to one let-otf movement of the warp beam. I have therefore provided mechanism for holding the pawl 52 away from ratchet 53 through one cycle of the lay after the pawl is released by lever 50, to the end that the first letolf motion following a replenishing or correcting operation on the filling will be caused by the re turn movement of lease rod 72. without any let-otl' movement of the warp beam.

The mechanism for assuming control of the pawl after lever 50 is released is shown by Figs. 10, 13 and 1-1. The pawl is normally pressed toward the ratchet by a compression spring 102. The pawl has a finger 103 which is engaged bv a latching device 10-1, as shown by Figs. 10 and 13, when the pawl is in ratchet-engaging position. The latching member 10-1 is mounted upon a pivot pin 105 carried by the pawl carrier 56, and is normally held against the end of finger 1.03 by a compression spring 106.-

When the pawl is lifted by lever 50, the finger 103 is carried forward beyond a shoulder 107 of the latching device, and the expansive action of spring 100 moves the latching device into latching position to carry the shoulder 107 behind finger 103 as shown by Fig. 14. Shoulder 107 does not become effective until the pawl is released by lever 50; but when such releasing occurs, finger 103 settles against shoulder 107 and the latching device 104 thus assumes control of the pawl to prolong the period during which the pawl is held out of ratchet-engaging position. \Vhile the pawl is held by the latching device, the carrier 50 swings to the rear and then swings forward, the let-off movement by the lease rod 72 occurring during the movement to the rear. The lastmentioned forward movement of the pawl carrier 50 results in tripping the latching member 104 to release the pawl. Such tripping movement is caused by a lug 108 formed upon lever 50. This lug is arranged to be engaged by a laterally extending lug 109 formed upon the latching device. When lug 108 is raised, as shown by Fig. 14, lug 100 may pass under it without contact, and

clutch which drives the loom.

1t lsonly when lever 50 is in its initial or normal position, as shown by Figs. 9, 10 and 13, that the lug 10S stands in the path of lag 109. Thelatching device and pawl are represented by broken lines in Fig. 13, to show how lug 109 coacts with lug 108 to release the pawl, the pawl being shown as having been released and thrown against the ratchet by its spring 102. When the pawl has been released as last described, it becomes effective for turning the warp beam intermittently to let off the warp in the usual manner.

Mechanism now about to be described is automatically operated to disconnect the Relatively large or heavy looms do not stop as quickly as relatively small or light looms, owing to the greater momentum of the moving parts. In order, therefore,.to stop a heavy loom'at the desired position, it would be necessary to disconnect the driving clutch and apply the brake sooner than in the case of a light loom. The drawings show two forms of clutcheontrolling mechanism. one of which acts sooner than the other, the saidzipne being intended for heavy looms, and the other being intended for light looms.

Figs. 2 and 5 show clutch-and-brake mechanism which is used with both forms of controlling mechanism. The controlling mechanism for heavy looms is shown by Figs. 3, 0 and 7 and will be described first.

An arm 121 (Figs. 2 and 3) is affixed to rockshaft -15 and is arranged to engage the rear side of an arm 122 which is loosely mounted upon the rockshaft. In this form of mechanism the arm 4 is fastened to the rockshaft by a setserew 120, wherefore the coaction of striker 31 and banter 35 causes arm 121 to move arm 122 toward the front of the loom, against the stress of a compression spring 123 (Fig. 2). Arm 122 has a finger 124 arranged to engage and move a clutch-controlling handle 125. This handle is in the form of a lever and is mounted upon a fulcrum stud 126. The handle is fitted loosely upon the fulcrum stud so that itmay rock to a limited extent from front to rear of the loom, as well as to swing angularly about the axis of the fulcrum stud. The handle 125, as shown by Figs. 2 and 3, is behind and in engagement with a shoulder 127, and when the handle is in this position, it keeps the clutch connected for driving the loom. \Vhen, however, the arm 122 moves toward the front, handle -125 from the shoulder 127, and the handle thereupon moves in rcsponse to the tension of the spring 128. The lower porit dislodges thetion of the handle 125 has a hole 129, and I conjunction with a pivot stud 132, supports a shipper 133. The shipper has an arm. 138 which. is embraced by cooperative screws carried by lever 130. Shipper 133 is suitably connected to the driven member 5%- of the clutch which drives the loom. This clutch, shown, it the friction type, and the complementel oiutcli member with which it eoacts is indicated at 135. These two clutch members are mounted upon :1v shaft 136.-13'-l being loosely mounted upon the shaft and 13o being keyed to the shaft. is in the "form of a pulley and is intended to be engaged by 2). suitable belt, not shown.

The handle 125, upon being dislodged from the shoulder 19? and actuated by spring 128, moves the shipper i321 to discon nect clutch member 13- from clntehiiiemher 135. Such movement of the sl the operation of suitable .hrsh'e which need not he described in detail similar mechanism is showii and v in my oopeiiding application :EfOZQSQlii.

present purposes it will he sniii'eient designate the brake mechanism a. Whole by reference numeral 137 in Fig.

From the foregoing it may be seen that the clutch may be disconnected and the brake applied substantially simoltaneoi j with the ceactioii' of striker and booster This will allow the 121- to have one eons-- plete stroke to the rear before it desired stopping position.

In the case of a light loom. the controlling mechanism shown by Fig. 4-

he used. The latter leevestlie clutch connected while the lay is traversing part of its first back stroke following the ooaotion of striker 34.- and hunter 35. It is necessary, however, to have the arm 44 free to swing without turning the rockshatft 45, and the seteorew 120 will therefore he unscrewed, hot the mechanism shown by Figs. 2, 3, 6 and *4 will he esed in conjunction with-the mocha nism shown by Fig. i. I Referring to Fig. 4, when the rockshet't 39 is operated, a. earn 110 affixed thereto liftse; lziy oeteli 111 into thepeth of the lay. Theloy cstch is moved to the rear by the lay and is thus oegised to actuate a rocking member 112 towhioh'the catch is pivotelly connected. The igriemher 112 is mouiited upon a. pivot stodili sod coaots with an arm 114. The latter ismouiited upon the roeksheft and fastened. there toloy a. setscrew 115. The movement thus imparted to the roelrsheft is the equivalent of that imported directly by the mm or under the conditions first explaiiied, hut relative timing of the movement is later. The handle 125 is moved fonts-odes in the first instance, lay the arms It: l 1.

'11: e operation oi the ineeiuiie is low Simultaneously with the e striker and hunter 35, the inism-is disconnected lo y the lift 52, link oi is raised limiter tie and the d! by lush Gil.

l.) lie Md, Malls .oh is diseoiiner ed vided arm mod to roe hem of using the mechanism sh i. The hay then SW]! in coiisoque imnt to rear as lost stated. in. eith the loom Wlll come to rest when the at or nemnr position, and

c'or" "it the fil b handle iect th then place POSIMOIZ she l im- Wili he filling will $1011 o the. ole

d by the we is ierl fell -'2 "hen such curred, lease rot. am s initial position, thus lo t of? the warp to the some extentes though such let-off movement were mused h 1 the p il ti hen "the lay tire. reaches its tlj'orwzird foo-- sitioofollowing the period oi. lever drops but pawl is caught by .leteh 1'14, the necessary let-oi? of thowurp being caused by the return of lease 1* its initial poisition. -.l?o.wl therefore travels from front to rear and from rear to front otter lever 50 drops, hefore being released by latch 10 i. Finch role the last operation iieces sery to restoi'e the entire iileohni'iisi'n to its normal. running position, and. the loom may thereafter continue to operate in the usual matinee-until the filling" in. fails.

it claim:

Ii. lioeloom, "so combination with engag' b adapted to moi '50 let hack the fell, and. Warp let-oil moons, of filling? controlled .iiezms arranged. to not on the warp between ssid l. oll. means and the tell-to move the latter lieokword in consequence of failure or breiheg'e of fillies.

to let hrielt the fell, and warp let-ofl means, of a filling detector, and means controlled by said de tector and arranged to displace the warp members transversely of their length to move the fell, and Warp let-off means, and operating mechanism therefor, of filling-c0ntrolled mechanism arranged to be operated by said operating mechanism to act upon the warp between said let-off means and the fell in consequence of failure or breakage of the filling, said filling controlled mechanism being arranged to move'the fell baclnvard.

5. In a loom, the combination with fabricengaging means adapted to move to let back the fell, and warp let-off means, of a warpcngaging member arranged to engage the warp between said let-off means and the fell, operating mechanism arranged to be connected to said let-off means or to said varpengaging member, to let off the warp or to pull back the fell, as the case may be, and filling-controlled means arranged to disconnect said operating mechanism from said letoff means and connect the former to said warp-engaging member in consequence of failure or breakage of the filling.;-:

6. In a loom, the combination with fabricengaging means adapted to move to let back the fell, and warp let-off means, of disconnectible operating mechanism therefor, a member arranged to act upon the Warp between said let-off means and the fell to move the latter backward, filling-controlled mechanism arranged to disconnect said operating mechanism from said let-off means and to connect said operating mechanism with said member in consequence of failure or breakage of the filling, said member being operable by said operating mechanism to more the fell backward and to let off the warp, and means arranged to disconnect Said operating mechanism from said member and to reconnect said operating mechanism with said let-ofi' means after said member has moged the fell and let off the warp as aforesa1 In testimony whereof I have aflixed my, signature, 111 presence of. two witnesses. 

